Synopsis of Cases and their Uses

1. Comparison of Noun Declensions in Singular

2. Comparison of Noun Declensions in Plural

3. Comparison of Noun Declensions (Endings only)

Cases

10.  Nominative Case (the “naming” case) indicates the subject of a statement or a word that provides additional information about that subject.

11.    Subject (Allen & Greenough §339)

      The nominative is used for the subject of a finite verb.        

e.g., Caesar Rhenum transire decreverat (B.G. iv. 17); Caesar had determined to cross the Rhine

12.    Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement (§284)

e.g., Caesar erat consul; Caesar was consul. Puer appellātur Marcus; The boy is called Marcus

20.  Vocative Case (the “calling” case) identifies the Direct Address (§340) or the entity being addressed [form is identical to the nominative except for second declensions ending in -us]

e.g., Tiberine pater, te, sancte, precor (Liv. ii. 10); O father Tiber, thee, holy one, I pray

30.  Accusative Case (the “cause” case) was originally the case that indicated the goal of an action or movement. In Latin it is primarily used for the direct object of transitive verbs, for the internal object (mostly of intransitive verbs), for the subject of a subordinate infinitive, to indicate place to which, extent or duration, and for the object of certain prepositions.

31. Object of Prepositions (§220a; 220c)

  The accusative is used as the object of the prepositions: ad, adversus, ante, apud, contrā, inter, intrā, per, post, praeter, prope, propter, suprā/super, trāns, versus, in, sub.

32. The Accusative of the Direct Object (§387)

The direct object denotes (1) that which is directly affected, or (2) that which is caused or produced by the action of the verb.

e.g., (1) Brutus Caesarem interfecit; Brutus killed Caesar; (2) aedem facere; to make a temple

33. Subject of the Infinitive in Indirect Speech (§ 3973; 577)

In indirect speech, the subject of the infinitive is in the accusative case.

e.g., intellego te sapere (Fam vii. 32. 3); I perceive that you are wise.

34. Accusative of Duration or Extent of Time or Space (§423.2; 425)

The accusative can express (1) the length of time passed, or (2) the extent of space an object has traveled through or across.

e.g., (1) dies continuos triginta; for thirty days together; (2) navis milia trigesim navigavit; the ship sailed for thirty miles

35. Double Accusatives (§392-95)

35.1  Verbs of naming, choosing, appointing, making, esteeming, showing (§393)

    Such verbs may take a Predicate Accusative along with the direct object.

    e.g., me augurem nominaverunt (Phil. ii. 4); they nominated me for your augur

• • In changing from the active voice to the passive, the Predicate Accusative becomes Predicate Nominative

       e.g., rex ab suis appelatur (B.G. viii. 4); he is called king by his subjects

35.2   Transitive verbs compounded with prepositions (§395)

      Such verbs sometimes take (in addition to the direct object) a Secondary Object, originally governed by the preposition.

      e.g., Caesar Germanos flumen traicit (B.C. i. 83): Caesar throws the Germans across the river

35.3   Some verbs of asking and teaching and concealing (§396)

      These verbs may take two Accusatives, one of the Person (direct object), and the other of the Thing (secondary object).

      e.g., otium divos rogat (Hor. Od. ii. 16. 1); he prays the gods for rest

36. Accusative of Limit Reached (§427.2)

When expressing relations of space, the accusative used with towns, small islands, domus, rus (without a preposition) to denote place to which.

e.g., Julia Romam redivit; Julia returned to Rome

37. Idiomatic Uses (§397)

37.1   Adverbial Accusative (397a)

      The Accusative is found in a few adverbial phrases.

      e.g., meam vicem; on my part

37.2   Exclamatory Accusative (397d)

      The Accusative is used in Exclamations.

      e.g., me miserum!; “ah, wretched me!”

37.3  Greek or Synecdochical Accusative = Accusative of Specification (397b)

      Found in poetry and later Latin, this accusative is used to denote the part    affected

      e.g., ardentis oculos suffecti sanguine et igni (Aen. ii. 210); their glaring eyes bloody-shot and blazing with fire

37.4   In many apparently similar expressions, the Accusative may be regarded as the direct object of a verb in the middle voice. (§397c)

e.g., umeros insternor pelle leonis (Aen. ii. 722); I cover my shoulders with a  lion’s skin

37.5 Cognate Accusative (§390)

e.g., vītam vīvere (Verr. 2.118), to live a safer life.

40.  Ablative Case (the “taking away” case) arose from the conflation of three other cases: the true ablative or case of separation (“from”); the accompaniment-instrumental case (“with” and “by”); and the locative case (“in”). Because of this conflation, it can be difficult to determine the particular sub-categories to which a particular usage belongs.

41. Object of Prepositions (§220b-c), e.g., ā/ab, cōram, cum, dē, ē/ex, prō, sine, in, sub

41.1.  Relations of Place with the Ablative (§426)

• • • • Place from which is expressed with the ablative and a preposition (ab, de, or    ex).    e.g., a septentrione; from the north
      • Place where is expressed by the Ablative with in (Locative Ablative).

     e.g., in hac urbe vitam degit; he passed his life in this city

42. Pure Ablative or Separation (English preposition: from, by)

42.1.  Ablative of Separation with Verbs (§401-402)

• • • • • • • • • Verbs meaning to remove, set free, be absent, deprive, and want take the Ablative (sometimes with ab or ex).

              e.g., oculis se privavit (Fin. v. 87); he deprived himself of his eyes

• • • • • • • • • Verbs compounded with a, ab, de, ex (1) take the simple Ablative when used figuratively; but (2) when used literally to denote actual separation or motion, they usually require a preposition.

    e.g., (1) abire magistratu; to leave one’s office; (2) ab iure abire (Verr. ii. 48); to go outside of the law

42.2. Ablative of Separation with Adjectives (§402.2a)

Adjectives denoting freedom and want are followed by the Ablative of Separation.

e.g., urbs nuda praesidio (Att. vii. 13); the city naked of defense

42.2. Ablative of Cause (§404)

The ablative can be used to express cause (1) with, or (2) without a preposition. The Ablative of Cause without a preposition is used with laboro (also with ex), exsilio, exsulto, triumpho, lacrimo, ardeo.

e.g., (1) ex vulnere aeger (Rep. ii. 38): “disabled by [from / because of] a wound”; (2) exsilui gaudio (Fam. xvi. 16); I jumped for joy

42.3.  Ablative of Agent (§405)

The voluntary agent of a passive action is expressed by the ablative with a/ab.

e.g., a filiis in iudicium vocatus est (Cat. M 22); he was brought to trial by his sons)

42.4. Ablative of Source (§403)

The ablative is used with a preposition to express source.

e.g., Rhenus oritur ex Lepontiis (B.G. iv. 10);  the Rhine rises in [from] the country of the Lepontii

• • • • • • • • • Participles denoting birth or origin are followed by the Ablative of Source, generally without a preposition.

      e.g., edite regibus (Hor. Od. i. 1. 1); descendant of kings

42.5. Ablative of Comparison (§406)

Comparative degree can be expressed by the ablative.

e.g., Cato est Cicerone eloquentior; Cato is more eloquent than Cicero

42.6. Ablative of Material (§403)

The material of which an object is composed is expressed by the ablative with the preposition ex and without it, esp. in poetry .

e.g., factum de cautibus antrum (Ov. M. i. 575); a cave formed of rocks

43.  Uses of the Ablative as Instrumental (English preposition with, by) (§408)

43.1.  Ablative of Means or Instrument (§409)

The ablative is used without a preposition to denote the means of or the instrument used in an action.

e.g., multae istarum arborum mea manu sunt satae (Cat. M. 59); many of those trees were set out with my own hands

• • • • • • • • • The deponents utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, with several of their compounds, govern the Ablative of Means or Instrument (§410).

  e.g., utar vestra benignitate (Arch. 18); I will avail myself of your kindness

• • • • Opus and usus, signifying need, take the Ablative of Means or Instrument (§411).

      e.g., nunc viribus usus (Aen. viii. 441); now there is need of strength

• • • • Adjectives (and verbs) of filling, abounding, and the like take the Ablative of Means (§409a).

e.g., vita plena et conferta voluptatibus (Sest. 23): life filled and crowded    with delights

43.2.  Ablative Absolute (§419-420)

Used to define the time or circumstances of an action, the Ablative Absolute consists of an ablative noun or adjective in agreement with a participle. The Ablative Absolute often takes the place of a Subordinate Clause (see 440, below).

e.g., Caesar, acceptis litteris, nuntium mittit (B.G. v. 46); having received the letter, Caesar sends a messenger

• • • • An adjective, or a second noun, may take the place of the participle in the Ablative Absolute construction.

e.g., exigua parte aestatis reliqua (B.G. iv. 20); when but a small part of the summer was left [a small part of the summer remaining]

43.3. Ablative of Manner (§412)

The ablative can describe the qualities of the action

e.g., summa celeritate venit; he came with the greatest speed

• • • • Typically requires cum, but when the object is modified by an adjective, the cum may (but need not) be omitted.

e.g cum laude but magna laude (or magna cum laude

• • • • With such words of manner as modo, pacto, ratione, ritu, vi, via, and with stock expressions which have become virtually adverbs (such as silentio, iure, iniuria), cum is not used.

e.g., apis Matinae more modoque carmina fingo (Hor. Od. iv. 2. 28); in the style and manner of a Matinian bee I fashion songs

43.4.  Ablative of Respect (or Specification) (§418)

The ablative can be used to specify with respect to which anything is done.

e.g., lingua haesitantes, voce absoni (De Or. i. 115); hesitating in speech, harsh in voice

• • • • Many expressions where the Ablative expresses that in accordance with which anything is or is done are of this type.

   e.g., meā sententiā: “in my opinion”

• • • • The adjectives dignus and indignus take the Ablative

e.g., vir patre, avo, maioribus suis dignissimus (Phil. iii. 25); a man most    worthy of his father, grandfather, and ancestors

43.5. Ablative of Accompaniment (§413)

The ablative can be used (1) as the object of the preposition cum or (2) with no preposition in military phrases to denote accompaniment.

e.g., (1) si secum suos eduxerit (Cat. i. 30); if he leads out with him his associates; (2) hoc praesidio profectus est (Verr. ii. 1. 86); with this force he set out

43.6.  Ablative of Quality (§415)

The ablative is used with an adjective or genitive modifier to relate a description or quality of something.

e.g., Aristoteles, vir summo ingenio, scientia, copia (Tusc. i. 7); Aristotle, a man of the greatest genius, learning, and gift of expression

• • • • In expressions of quality the Genitive or the Ablative may often be used indifferently; but physical qualities are oftener denoted by the Ablative

e.g., capillo sunt promisso (B.G. v. 14); they have long hair

43.7.  Ablative of Degree of Difference (§414)

The ablative is used with comparative adjectives or other words of comparison to express the degree of difference.

e.g., multo me vigilare acrius (Cat. i. 8); that I watch much more sharply

• • • • The ablatives quo…eo (hoc), and quanto…tanto, are used correlatively with comparatives, like the English the… the…

e.g., quanto erat gravior oppugnatio, tanto crebriores litterae mittebantur (B.G. v. 45); the severer the siege was, the more frequently letters were sent

43.8.  Ablative of Price or Penalty (§416; 353.1)

The ablative is used to denote the price of something or the definite cost of a fine.

e.g., Antonius regna addixit pecunia (Phil. vii. 15); Antony sold thrones for money

• • • • With verbs of exchanging, either the thing taken or the thing given in exchange may be in the Ablative of Price.  Such are muto, commuto, permuto, verto.

      e.g., exsilium patria sede mutavit (Q.C. iii. 7. 11); he exchanged his homeland

44.  Ablative as Locative (English preposition: in, on, at) (§421-430)

44.1 Ablative of Place Where without Prepositions

The place where is denoted by the Ablative without a preposition in the following instances (§429):

• • • • Often in indefinite words, such as loco, parte, etc.

      e.g., quibus loco positis (De Or. iii. 153); when these are set in position

• • • • Frequently with nouns which are qualified by adjectives (regularly when  totus is used).

      e.g., tota Sicilia (Verr. iv. 51); throughout Sicily [in the whole of Sicily]

• • • • In many idiomatic expressions which have lost the idea of place.

      e.g., pendemus animis (Tusc. i. 96); we are in suspense in (of) our minds

• • • • Freely in poetry.

      e.g., litore curvo (Aen. iii. 16); on the winding shore

• • • • The way by which is put in Ablative without a preposition

      e.g., provehimur pelago (Aen. iii. 506); we sail forth over the sea

44.2. Ablative with Expressions of Time (§423.1; 424)

Time when, or within which, is expressed by the Ablative.

e.g., prima luce; at daybreak

• • • • The Ablative of time within which sometimes takes in

e.g., in diebus proximis decem (Iug. 28); within the next ten days/ludi per  
      decem dies (Cat. iii. 20); games for ten days

• • • • Duration of Time is occasionally expressed by the Ablative.

e.g., milites quinque horis proelium sustinuerant (B.C. i. 47); the men had sustained the fight five hours

• • • • Time during which or within which may be expressed by the Ablative of a noun in the singular, with an ordinal numeral.

e.g., quinto die; within [just] four days (lit. on the fifth day )

• • • • Many expressions in Latin have the construction of time when where in English the main idea is rather of place .

e.g., ludis Romanis; at the Roman Games

45. Ablative with Special Verbs

45.1. Deponent Verbs (§410)

The deponents utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, with several of their compounds, as well as opus and usus govern the Ablative of Means or Instrument (see 42.12-13).

45.2 Other Verbs (§431)

These verbs are followed by the Ablative: acquiesco, delector, laetor, gaudeo, glorior, nitor, sto, maneo, fido, confido, consisto, contineor.

e.g., spe niti (Att. iii. 9); to rely on hope

45.3 Verbs (and Adjectives) of Filling (§409a)

Verbs (and adjectives) of filling, abounding, and the like take the Ablative of Means.

e.g., vita plena et conferta voluptatibus (Sest. 23); life filled and crowded with delights

45.4 Verbals (§431a)

The verbals fretus, contentus, and laetus take the Locative Ablative.

e.g., laetus praeda; rejoicing in the booty

50.  Dative Case (the “giving” case)

51. Dative of Indirect Object (§361)

The dative expresses the object indirectly affected by the action of the verb.

e.g., cedite tempori; yield to the occasion

51.1 Indirect Object with Transitive Verbs (§362)

When the meaning of a transitive verb allows, the Dative of Indirect Object can be used along with an Accusative of Direct Object.

e.g., do tibi librum; I give you a book

• • • • Dative of Indirect Object with Verbs of Motion (§363)

Some verbs of motion can take a dative rather than an Accusative of End of Motion when the idea of motion is not fully retained. In such sentences, the dative denotes the people for whose benefit the motion occurred, not the actual end of the motion (See also Woodcock §57).

e.g., mihi litteras mittere (Fam. vii. 12); to send me a letter)

• • • • Dative of Separation (§381)

Many verbs of taking away and the like take the Dative instead of the Ablative of Separation.
e.g., vitam adulescentibus vis aufert (Cat. M. 71); violence deprives young men of life

51.2 Indirect Object with Intransitive Verbs (§366)

The Dative of Indirect Object can be used if the verb’s meaning allows it.

e.g., cedant arma togae (Phil. ii. 20); let arms give place to the toga

• • • • Many phrases consisting of a noun with a copula sum or a copulative verb are equivalent to an intransitive verb and take a kind of indirect object.

      e.g., quis huic rei testis est (Quinct. 37); who testifies (is witness) to this fact?

• • • • The Dative is sometimes used without a copulative verb in a sense approaching that of the Genitive.

      e.g., legatus fratri (Mur. 32); a lieutenant to his brother

52. Dative with Compounds (§370)

Many compound verbs, especially those compounded with ad, ante, cum (con-), in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, and super take a Dative of Indirect Object.

e.g., neque enim adsentior eis (Lael. 13); for I do not agree with them

• • • Intransitive verbs that govern the dative can be used impersonally in the passive. The dative is still retained (§372)

e.g., cui parci potuit (Lib. xxi. 14); who could be spared?

53. Dative of Reference (§376)

Often called the Dative of Advantage or Disadvantage, the Dative of Reference denotes the person or thing for whose benefit or to whose prejudice the action is performed.

e.g., laudavit mihi fratrem; he praised my brother [out of regard for me] ;

53.1 Dative of Reference in Place of a Possessive Genitive (§377)

The Dative of Reference is often used to qualify a whole idea, instead of a Possessive Genitive modifying a single world.

e.g., versatur mihi ante oculos (Verr. v. 123); it comes before my eyes [it comes to me before the eyes]

53.2 Dative of the Person Judging (§378)

This dative is used to denote (1) the person from whose point of view an opinion is stated (in my opinion) or (2) how a situation or a direction is defined from a local point of view (as you go in .

e.g., (1) Plato mihi unus instar est centum milium (Brut. 191); in my opinion [to me] Plato alone is worth a hundred thousand; (2) oppidum prīmum Thessaliae venientibus ab Ēpīrō (B. C. 3.80); the first town of Thessaly as you come [to those coming] from Epirus

53.3 Idiomatic Dative of Reference (§379)

The Dative of Reference is used idiomatically without any verb in colloquial questions and exclamations.

e.g., Unde mihi lapidem (Hor. S. 2.7.116); Where can I get a stone? [Where is there a stone for me?]

53.4 Ethical Dative (§380)

The dative of personal pronouns is used to show a certain interest felt by the person indicated.

e.g., quid tibi vis; what would you have [what do you wish for yourself]?

54. Dative of Possession (§373)

The dative is used in sentences with esse and similar verbs to denote possession.

e.g., quibus opes nullae sunt (Sall. Cat. 37); [those] who have no wealth

55. Dative of Agent

55.1 Dative of Agent with the Gerundive (§374)

The Dative of Agent is used with the Gerundive to denote the person on whom the necessity rests.

e.g., mihi est pugnandum; I have to fight

55.2 Dative of Agent with Perfect Participles (§375)

The Dative of the Agent is common with perfect participles (especially when used in an adjective sense), but rare with other parts of the verb.

e.g., mihi res provisa est (Verr. iv. 91); the matter has been provided for by me

• • • The Dative of person who sees or thinks is regularly used after videor.

e.g., videtur mihi; it seems to me

56. Dative of the Purpose or End = Double Dative (§382)

56.1 Dative of Purpose with Abstract Nouns

The Dative of an abstract noun is used to show that for which a thing serves or which it accomplishes, often with another dative of the person or thing affected.

e.g., rei publicaecladi sunt (Iug. 85. 43); they are a ruin to the state

56.2 Dative of Purpose with Concrete Nouns

The Dative of Purpose of concrete nouns is used in prose in a few military expressions, and with freedom in poetry.

e.g., optavit locum regno (Aen. iii. 109); he chose a place for a kingdom

57. Dative with Adjectives (§383)

The dative is used with adjectives (and a few adverbs) of fitness, nearness, likeness, service, inclination, and their opposites.

e.g., nihil est tam naturae aptum (Lael. 17): “nothing is so fitted to nature”

58. Dative with Special Verbs

58.1 Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs (§367)

Many verbs signifying to favor, help, please, trust and their contraries; also to believe, persuade, command, obey, serve, resist, threaten, pardon, and spare, take the dative. With these verbs, Latin retains an intransitive meaning.

e.g., mihi parcit atque ignoscit; he spares and pardons [makes excuses for] me

58.2 Dative with Certain Impersonals (§368.1)

The dative is used with the impersonals libet (lubet), it pleases, and licet, it is allowed.

e.g., quod mihi maxime lubet (Fam. i. 8. 3); what most pleases me

58.3 Dative with Compounded Verbs (§368.2)

With verbs compounded with satis, bene, and male take a dative. These words are not true compounds verbs, but rather compounded phrases.

e.g., mihi ipse numquam satisfacio (Fam. i. 1); I never satisfy myself

58.4 The dative is also used with gratificor, gratulor, nubo, permitto, plaudo, probo, studeo, supplico, excello (§368.3)

e.g., mihi plaudo ipse domi (Hor. S. i. 1. 66); I applaud myself at home

60.  Genitive Case (the “origin” case)

61. Genitives with Ablatives and Indeclinables in the Manner of Prepositions (§359b)

The ablatives causa, and gratia, and the indeclinables ergo, instar, pridie, postridie, and tenus take a genitive as their object as if they are prepositions.

e.g., honoris causa; with due respect [for the sake of honor]

62. Possessive Genitive (§343)
The genitive is used to denote the person or thing to which something (object, quality, etc.) belongs.

e.g., Alexandri canis; Alexander’s dog

62.1 Subjective Genitive

When a person or thing possesses some feeling or quality or does some act, the genitive might express the implicit subject of that verbal idea.

e.g., amor Clodiae; “Clodia’s love” (i.e. the love felt by Clodia for someone) vs. “love of Clodia” (i.e. the love of someone else for Clodia, which is an Objective Genitive, see 63, below)

63.    Objective Genitive (§347-348)

The Objective Genitive is governed by nouns of action, agency, and feeling.

e.g., desiderium oti; longing for rest

64. Partitive Genitive (§346)

Words denoting a part are followed by a genitive which expresses the whole. The following classes of words can denote the part of the genitive whole:

64.1 Nouns or Pronouns.

e.g., nemo eorum (B.G. vii. 66); not a man of them

64.2 Numerals, Comparatives, Superlatives, Pronominals [alius, alter, nullus., etc.]

e.g., animalium fortiora; the stronger [of] animals

64.3 Neuter Adjectives and Pronouns, used as nouns.

e.g., tantum spati; so much [of] space

64.4 Adverbs, especially those of Quantity and of Place.

e.g., ubinam gentium sumus? (Cat. i. 9), where in the world [of nations] are we?

64.5 Uterque and quisque with Pronouns take a Partitive Genitive.

e.g., uterque nostrum; both of us

65. Genitive of Material (§ 344)

The genitive denotes the material of which an object consists.

e.g., flumina lactis; rivers of milk

66. Genitive of Quality (§345)

The genitive expresses a quality of something, but only when that quality is modified by an adjective.

e.g., vir summae virtutis; a man of the highest courage

66.1 Genitive of Quality with Certain Adjective Phrases

The Genitive of Quality is found in the adjective phrases eius modi (= talis; such) and cuius modi (= qualis; of what sort .

e.g., eius modi sunt tempestates consecutae, uti (B.G. iii. 29); such storms followed, that…

66.2 Genitive of Quality with Numerals

With numerals, the Genitive of Quality defines length and depth.

e.g., fossa trium pedum; a trench of three feet [in depth]

67. Idiomatic Genitives

67.1 Genitive of Value (§417)

Some adjectives denoting indefinite value are used in the genitive, such as magni, parvi, tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris.

e.g., mea magni interest; it is of great interest to me 

67.2 Genitive of Specification (§349d)

The genitive of almost any adjective can denote that with reference to which the quality exists. Note: Genitive of Specification is only an extension of the construction with adjectives requiring an object of reference (see 68, below).

e.g., callidus rei militaris (Tac. H. ii. 32); skilled in soldiership .

67.3 Genitive of Exclamation (§359a)

The genitive appears rarely in exclamations, in imitation of Greek exclamations.

e.g., foederis heu taciti (Prop. iv. 7. 21); alas for the unspoken agreement!

67.4 Genitive of the Charge or Penalty (§352)

Verbs of accusing, condemning, and acquitting take a genitive.

e.g., arguit me furti; accuses me of theft or damnare capitis; to sentence to death

68.  Genitives with Adjectives (§349)

Adjectives requiring an object of reference introduce an Objective Genitive:

68.1 Adjectives denoting desire, knowledge, memory, fullness, power, sharing, and guilt govern a genitive.
e.g., memorem vestri, oblitum sui (Cat. iv. 19); mindful of you, forgetful of himself

68.2 Participles in –ns govern the genitive when they are used as adjectives, i.e. when they denote a constant disposition and not a particular act.

e.g., multitudo insolens belli (B.C. ii. 36); a crowd unused to war

68.3 Verbals in –ax govern the genitive in poetry and later Latin.

e.g., iustum et tenacem propositi virum (Hor. Od. iii. 3); a man just and steadfast to his purpose

68.4 Adjectives denoting likeness, nearness, belonging, and a few others take the Genitive when a Dative would typically be used

e.g., procurator aeque utrisque necessarius (Quinct. 86); an agent closely connected with both alike

69. Genitive with Special Verbs

69.1 Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting (§350)

Memini, obliscor, and reminiscor, (but not recordor) take either an accusative or genitive object. When having literal meaning (remember or forget), they take an accusative. If their meaning is figurative (be mindful or disregard), they will take a genitive.

e.g., obliviscere caedis atque incendiorum (Cat. i.6); turn your mind from [dismiss from your thoughts] slaughter and conflagrations

69.2 Verbs of Accusing, Condemning, and Acquitting (§352)

Such verbs take a Genitive of the Charge or Penalty. (See 67.4).

69.3 Verbs of Feeling (§354)

• • • • Verbs of Pity

Verbs such as misereor and miseresco take the genitive.

e.g., miserescite regis (Aen. viii. 573); pity the king

• • • • Certain Impersonals

Miseret, paenitet, piget, pudet, taedet (or pertaesum est), take the Genitive of the cause of the feeling and the Accusative of the person affected 
e.g., quos infamiae suae neque pudet neque taedet (Verr. i. 35); who are
neither ashamed nor weary of their dishonor

69.4 Interest and Refert (§355)

The impersonals interest and refert take a genitive of the person affected.

e.g., Clodi intererat Milonem parire (cf. Mil. 56); it was the interest of Clodius that Milo should die

69.5 Verbs of Plenty and Want (§356)

Verbs of lenty and want sometimes take the genitive, though more frequently take the ablative (see 45.3, above .

e.g., ne quis auxili egeat (B.G. vi. 11); lest any require aid

69.6 Other Verbs (§357)

The Genitive sometimes follows potior.

e.g., illius regni potiri (Fam. i. 7. 5); to become master of that kingdom

70.  Locative Case (the “place” case). Once a full case used indicate “place where”, by the time Latin becomes a written language, the Locative had largely been supplanted by the Ablative (with and without prepositions). [the form is the same as the Genitive for 1st and 2nd Declension singulars, the Ablative in the 3rd Declension singulars; and the Ablative plural for towns that appear in the plural; e.g., Athenae.]

71. The Locative of Place Where (§427.3)

The locative is primarily found with the names of cities, towns and small islands (i.e. with a single urban center).

e.g., Samī; at Samos

72. Fossilized Locatives (§427.3a)

Other common locative forms are: domi (at home), humi (on the ground), belli (at war), militiae (at war), and ruri (in the country).